Stigmergic influence of simple bots on human cooperation in digital environments

Adrien Blanchet, Thomas Bassanetti, Stéphane Cezera, Clément Sire, Guy Théraulaz, Ramon Escobedo and Maxime Delacroix
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Adrien Blanchet: TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IAST - Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse
Thomas Bassanetti: UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse
Stéphane Cezera: TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Clément Sire: UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse
Guy Théraulaz: IAST - Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse
Ramon Escobedo: UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse, UC3M - Universidad Carlos III de Madrid = University of Carlos III of Madrid
Maxime Delacroix: UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse

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Abstract: In the digital era, human cooperation is increasingly mediated by indirect social cues such as ratings, reviews, and other digital traces left in online environments. These traces often guide collective behavior via stigmergy, a coordination mechanism whereby individuals interact through modifications of a shared environment. In this study, we explore how simple model-driven bots can influence human cooperation or defection in a competitive rating game inspired by online marketplaces. Participants, unaware of the bots' presence, interacted with either four human partners or four bots exhibiting predefined behaviors—cooperative, neutral, deceptive, or optimized for group performance. We show that the presence and behavior of bots significantly affect human strategies and performance. Higher levels of cooperation among bots improve human outcomes but also increase the frequency of deceptive human strategies, suggesting exploitation of reliable social information. Conversely, in less cooperative environments, participants adopt more collaborative or neutral behaviors to preserve informational value. By classifying individuals into three behavioral profiles—collaborators, neutrals, and defectors—we develop a linear regression model using three cues: the average value of rated cells, the diversity of rated cells, and the player's rank. These cues allow accurate prediction of behavioral profile distributions across experimental conditions. An adaptive agent-based model further reproduces the empirical results. Our findings demonstrate that even simple bots can strongly influence collective dynamics in human groups. These insights have implications for the design of recommendation systems, the regulation of automated agents, and the understanding of cooperation and deception in digital societies.

Keywords: Model-driven bots; Agent-based modeling; Collective intelligence; Stigmergy; Deception; Human cooperation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026-04-13
Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-05628104v1
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Published in EPJ Data Science, 2026, 15 (1), pp.49. ⟨10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00653-2⟩

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05628104

DOI: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00653-2

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