The child penalty in Sweden: evidence, trends, and child gender

Anton Sundberg ()
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Anton Sundberg: IFAU and Uppsala University

No 2024:12, Working Paper Series from IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy

Abstract: This paper examines the impact of parenthood on labor market outcomes for both men and women using population-wide annual income data from 1960 to 2021 in Sweden. First, I document the contemporary child penalties across several labor market outcomes. Second, I show that while the motherhood penalty in earnings declined significantly during the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, the rate of decline slowed from the late 1980s onwards. Third, I identify a fatherhood penalty emerging since the 1980s, particularly pronounced among men in more gender-egalitarian households (proxied by the father’s share of parental leave) and among fathers who have sons relative to daughters.

Keywords: Parenthood; child penalties; gender earnings gap (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J13 J16 J22 J31 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Pages: 41 pages
Date: 2024-07-09
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-dem, nep-gen, nep-hea, nep-his and nep-lab
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:hhs:ifauwp:2024_012

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