Open and Closed Innovation: A Comparative Analysis of National Practices

Marion Frenz () and Ray Lambert ()
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Marion Frenz: University of London (UK)
Ray Lambert: Division for S&I Analysis, Department for Business, Innovation & Skills

Foresight and STI Governance (Foresight-Russia till No. 3/2015), 2008, vol. 2, issue 3, 16-31

Abstract: This paper sets about identifying different and complex innovation practices across nine countries by exploring data from firm level innovation surveys conducted in nine countries: Austria, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, New Zealand, Norway, South Korea and the United Kingdom. Our results suggest that innovating firms in these countries adopt one or more of the following innovation modes: 1) ‘new-to-market innovating’, 2) ‘marketing based imitating’, 3) ‘process modernising’, 4) ‘wider innovating’. The extent to which IPRs, external technology, design or marketing activities play a role in these innovation practices varies across countries. For example, in Austria, Denmark and New Zealand diffused technology (externally acquired R&D) is used together with own technology in bringing about novel products, suggesting a more open innovation pattern. In contrast, among firms in France, New Zealand and the UK we identify a greater reliance on IPRs (e.g. patents, copyrights and design registrations) while at the same time omitting externally acquired technologies. The latter may be interpreted as leaning towards a closed approach to innovation among a group of firms. Note: Downloadable document is in Russian.

Keywords: innovation; technology innovation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O31 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2008
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