The price of progress: how much are households spending on shadow education in India?

Pushpendra Singh and Archana Singh

International Journal of Education Economics and Development, 2025, vol. 16, issue 4, 416-435

Abstract: This study examines the factors driving the growth of private coaching institutes in India and their impact on educational equity and accessibility. Using data from the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), specifically the 75th round of 2017–2018. The result indicates that private coaching is more prevalent among students from urban areas, affluent households, and upper-caste families. However, coaching expenses, comprising 15.2% of total educational expenses, pose a significant financial burden on students in rural areas. The study underscores the importance for policymakers, educators, and families to address the challenge of accessing educational coaching and managing the financial strain on students and their households. Furthermore, it suggests that the proliferation of private coaching centres may worsen existing disparities in educational opportunities and perpetuate cycles of inequality.

Keywords: private coaching institutes; educational equity; shadows education; education expenditure; India. (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ids:ijeded:v:16:y:2025:i:4:p:416-435

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