Analysing the impact of migration flows on regional per capita GDP in Türkiye: a spatial panel data approach

Ali Osman Öztop () and Tuna Köse ()
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Ali Osman Öztop: Department of Economics and Finance, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Fethiye, Muğla, Türkiye
Tuna Köse: Independent Researcher, Muğla, Türkiye

Public Sector Economics, 2026, vol. 50, issue 2, 259-286

Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of net international and internal migration on per capita GDP in Türkiye’s 81 provinces. Unlike prior research, it analyses both migration types within the same spatial panel model and accounts for spatial dependence. The first model (2016-22) examines overall migration effects, the second (2009-22) focuses on the effects of migrants’ educational levels. We find that net international immigration significantly boosts per capita, GDP, with highly educated migrants contributing more to growth. The robustness checks further highlight the complementary role of financial deepening in boosting regional economic performance.

Keywords: internal migration; international migration; financial inclusion; per capita GDP; spatial panel data analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: F22 R11 R23 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ipf:psejou:v:50:y:2026:i:2:p:259-286

DOI: 10.3326/pse.50.2.4

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