Gender-Differentiated Effects of Parenthood on Earnings: Understanding Cross-National Variation in the Motherhood Penalty and Fatherhood Bonus

Ian Lundberg ()

No 576, LIS Working papers from LIS Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg

Abstract: Although mothers are increasingly joining the labor force, employers continue to pay mothers less than non-mothers and fathers more than non-fathers. Using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), this paper investigates the influence of parental status on the incomes of men and women in eight industrialized countries. I demonstrate the existence of an employer bias against mothers in all countries except the Netherlands and a bias toward fathers in all countries except the Netherlands and Luxembourg. I then compare three methods for categorizing countries based on gender equality to see which best explains the cross-national variation in motherhood penalties and fatherhood bonuses.

Pages: 25 pages
Date: 2012-05
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (2)

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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:lis:liswps:576

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