Red-phosphorus-impregnated carbon nanofibers for sodium-ion batteries and liquefaction of red phosphorus

Yihang Liu (), Qingzhou Liu, Cheng Jian, Dingzhou Cui, Mingrui Chen, Zhen Li, Teng Li, Tom Nilges, Kai He (), Zheng Jia () and Chongwu Zhou ()
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Yihang Liu: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California
Qingzhou Liu: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Southern California
Cheng Jian: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland
Dingzhou Cui: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California
Mingrui Chen: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Southern California
Zhen Li: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Southern California
Teng Li: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland
Tom Nilges: Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich
Kai He: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University
Zheng Jia: Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University
Chongwu Zhou: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California

Nature Communications, 2020, vol. 11, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract Red phosphorus offers a high theoretical sodium capacity and has been considered as a candidate anode for sodium-ion batteries. Similar to silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries, the electrochemical performance of red phosphorus is plagued by the large volume variation upon sodiation. Here we perform in situ transmission electron microscopy analysis of the synthesized red-phosphorus-impregnated carbon nanofibers with the corresponding chemo-mechanical simulation, revealing that, the sodiated red phosphorus becomes softened with a “liquid-like” mechanical behaviour and gains superior malleability and deformability against pulverization. The encapsulation strategy of the synthesized red-phosphorus-impregnated carbon nanofibers has been proven to be an effective method to minimize the side reactions of red phosphorus in sodium-ion batteries, demonstrating stable electrochemical cycling. Our study provides a valid guide towards high-performance red-phosphorus-based anodes for sodium-ion batteries.

Date: 2020
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16077-z

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