Megahertz pulse trains enable multi-hit serial femtosecond crystallography experiments at X-ray free electron lasers

Susannah Holmes, Henry J. Kirkwood, Richard Bean, Klaus Giewekemeyer, Andrew V. Martin, Marjan Hadian-Jazi, Max O. Wiedorn, Dominik Oberthür, Hugh Marman, Luigi Adriano, Nasser Al-Qudami, Saša Bajt, Imrich Barák, Sadia Bari, Johan Bielecki, Sandor Brockhauser, Mathew A. Coleman, Francisco Cruz-Mazo, Cyril Danilevski, Katerina Dörner, Alfonso M. Gañán-Calvo, Rita Graceffa, Hans Fanghor, Michael Heymann, Matthias Frank, Alexander Kaukher, Yoonhee Kim, Bostjan Kobe, Juraj Knoška, Torsten Laurus, Romain Letrun, Luis Maia, Marc Messerschmidt, Markus Metz, Thomas Michelat, Grant Mills, Serguei Molodtsov, Diana C. F. Monteiro, Andrew J. Morgan, Astrid Münnich, Gisel E. Peña Murillo, Gianpietro Previtali, Adam Round, Tokushi Sato, Robin Schubert, Joachim Schulz, Megan Shelby, Carolin Seuring, Jonas A. Sellberg, Marcin Sikorski, Alessandro Silenzi, Stephan Stern, Jola Sztuk-Dambietz, Janusz Szuba, Martin Trebbin, Patrick Vagovic, Thomas Ve, Britta Weinhausen, Krzysztof Wrona, Paul Lourdu Xavier, Chen Xu, Oleksandr Yefanov, Keith A. Nugent, Henry N. Chapman, Adrian P. Mancuso, Anton Barty, Brian Abbey () and Connie Darmanin ()
Additional contact information
Susannah Holmes: La Trobe University
Henry J. Kirkwood: European XFEL
Richard Bean: European XFEL
Klaus Giewekemeyer: European XFEL
Andrew V. Martin: RMIT University
Marjan Hadian-Jazi: La Trobe University
Max O. Wiedorn: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Dominik Oberthür: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Hugh Marman: La Trobe University
Luigi Adriano: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Nasser Al-Qudami: European XFEL
Saša Bajt: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Imrich Barák: Institute of Molecular Biology, SAS
Sadia Bari: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Johan Bielecki: European XFEL
Sandor Brockhauser: European XFEL
Mathew A. Coleman: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Francisco Cruz-Mazo: Universidad de Sevilla
Cyril Danilevski: European XFEL
Katerina Dörner: European XFEL
Alfonso M. Gañán-Calvo: Universidad de Sevilla
Rita Graceffa: European XFEL
Hans Fanghor: European XFEL
Michael Heymann: University of Stuttgart
Matthias Frank: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Alexander Kaukher: European XFEL
Yoonhee Kim: European XFEL
Bostjan Kobe: University of Queensland
Juraj Knoška: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Torsten Laurus: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Romain Letrun: European XFEL
Luis Maia: European XFEL
Marc Messerschmidt: Arizona State University
Markus Metz: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Thomas Michelat: European XFEL
Grant Mills: European XFEL
Serguei Molodtsov: European XFEL
Diana C. F. Monteiro: The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging
Andrew J. Morgan: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Astrid Münnich: European XFEL
Gisel E. Peña Murillo: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Gianpietro Previtali: European XFEL
Adam Round: European XFEL
Tokushi Sato: European XFEL
Robin Schubert: European XFEL
Joachim Schulz: European XFEL
Megan Shelby: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Carolin Seuring: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Jonas A. Sellberg: AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Marcin Sikorski: European XFEL
Alessandro Silenzi: European XFEL
Stephan Stern: European XFEL
Jola Sztuk-Dambietz: European XFEL
Janusz Szuba: European XFEL
Martin Trebbin: TU Bergakademie Freiberg
Patrick Vagovic: European XFEL
Thomas Ve: Griffith University
Britta Weinhausen: European XFEL
Krzysztof Wrona: European XFEL
Paul Lourdu Xavier: European XFEL
Chen Xu: European XFEL
Oleksandr Yefanov: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Keith A. Nugent: Australian National University
Henry N. Chapman: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Adrian P. Mancuso: European XFEL
Anton Barty: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Brian Abbey: La Trobe University
Connie Darmanin: La Trobe University

Nature Communications, 2022, vol. 13, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract The European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) and Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) II are extremely intense sources of X-rays capable of generating Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX) data at megahertz (MHz) repetition rates. Previous work has shown that it is possible to use consecutive X-ray pulses to collect diffraction patterns from individual crystals. Here, we exploit the MHz pulse structure of the European XFEL to obtain two complete datasets from the same lysozyme crystal, first hit and the second hit, before it exits the beam. The two datasets, separated by

Date: 2022
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32434-6

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