Voxelated bioprinting of modular double-network bio-ink droplets

Jinchang Zhu, Yi He, Yong Wang and Li-Heng Cai ()
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Jinchang Zhu: University of Virginia
Yi He: University of Virginia
Yong Wang: University of Virginia
Li-Heng Cai: University of Virginia

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-16

Abstract: Abstract Analogous of pixels to two-dimensional pictures, voxels—in the form of either small cubes or spheres—are the basic building blocks of three-dimensional objects. However, precise manipulation of viscoelastic bio-ink voxels in three-dimensional space represents a grand challenge in both soft matter science and biomanufacturing. Here, we present a voxelated bioprinting technology that enables the digital assembly of interpenetrating double-network hydrogel droplets made of polyacrylamide/alginate-based or hyaluronic acid/alginate-based polymers. The hydrogels are crosslinked via additive-free and biofriendly click reaction between a pair of stoichiometrically matched polymers carrying norbornene and tetrazine groups, respectively. We develop theoretical frameworks to describe the crosslinking kinetics and stiffness of the hydrogels, and construct a diagram-of-state to delineate their mechanical properties. Multi-channel print nozzles are developed to allow on-demand mixing of highly viscoelastic bio-inks without significantly impairing cell viability. Further, we showcase the distinctive capability of voxelated bioprinting by creating highly complex three-dimensional structures such as a hollow sphere composed of interconnected yet distinguishable hydrogel particles. Finally, we validate the cytocompatibility and in vivo stability of the printed double-network scaffolds through cell encapsulation and animal transplantation.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49705-z

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