Solvent engineering enables tin-lead perovskite films with long carrier diffusion lengths and reduced tin segregation

Sheng Li, Xiaotian Yang, Siyang Cheng, Yujie Yang, Hao Li, Zhuo Zheng, Mubai Li, Qiuhan Yu, Shengjun Yuan, Qianqian Lin and Zhiping Wang ()
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Sheng Li: Wuhan University
Xiaotian Yang: Wuhan University
Siyang Cheng: Wuhan University
Yujie Yang: Wuhan University
Hao Li: Wuhan University
Zhuo Zheng: Wuhan University
Mubai Li: Wuhan University
Qiuhan Yu: Wuhan University
Shengjun Yuan: Wuhan University
Qianqian Lin: Wuhan University
Zhiping Wang: Wuhan University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract All-perovskite tandem solar cells offer great promise for achieving low levelized cost of electricity, but their performance remains limited by insufficient near-infrared photon absorption in narrow bandgap tin-lead (Sn-Pb) subcells. Micron-thick Sn-Pb layers are essential for maximizing absorption, yet high-concentration precursor solutions often cause non-uniform crystallization, stoichiometric imbalance and limited carrier diffusion lengths. Here we identify the root cause of these limitations as the insufficient coordination of tin(II) iodide (SnI2) in conventional dimethylformamide (DMF)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) binary solvent system at high precursor concentrations, resulting in Sn-rich colloids that nucleate detrimental Sn-rich phases in final films. To address this, we develop a ternary solvent system that fully coordinates with SnI2, suppressing Sn-rich phases and enabling stoichiometric, micron-thick Sn-Pb films with carrier diffusion lengths of ~11 μm. The enhanced Sn-Pb absorber achieves efficiencies of 24.2% in single-junction cells and 29.3% in tandem devices, along with significantly improved long-term operational stability.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-63532-w

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