Wearable disposable electrotherapy

Mohamad FallahRad (), Kyle Donnery, Mojtaba Belali Koochesfahani, Zeeshan Chaudhry, Rayyan Bhuiyan, Benjamin Babaev, Matthew Saw, Tiffany Liu, Miguel R. Diaz Uraga, Mahdi Zaman, Kisholoy Saha, Osvaldo Velarde, Ayman Rddad, Niranjan Khadka, Myesha Thahsin, Alexander Couzis and Marom Bikson
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Mohamad FallahRad: The City College of New York
Kyle Donnery: The City College of New York
Mojtaba Belali Koochesfahani: The City College of New York
Zeeshan Chaudhry: The City College of New York
Rayyan Bhuiyan: The City College of New York
Benjamin Babaev: The City College of New York
Matthew Saw: The City College of New York
Tiffany Liu: The City College of New York
Miguel R. Diaz Uraga: The City College of New York
Mahdi Zaman: The City College of New York
Kisholoy Saha: The City College of New York
Osvaldo Velarde: The City College of New York
Ayman Rddad: The City College of New York
Niranjan Khadka: The City College of New York
Myesha Thahsin: The City College of New York
Alexander Couzis: The City College of New York
Marom Bikson: The City College of New York

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-15

Abstract: Abstract We design and validate an electrotherapy platform without electronic components, using printed, abundant, environmentally benign materials. Whereas existing electrotherapy devices use an independent power source and electronics to generate and control stimulation currents, our design eliminates the need for these components. Device production relies only on scalable additive manufacturing and common materials, minimizing cost and environmental impact. The disposable single-use platform (as discreet as adhesive bandages) is activated simply by placement on the body. A prescribed electrotherapy dose is regulated by a flexible 3D electrochemical architecture tailored to each application by a bespoke operational theory. The single-dose usability of this platform is a categorical shift from existing approaches with durable equipment that require programming and assembly to disposable electrodes for each use. Our Wearable Disposable Electrotherapy technology can be distributed like pharmacotherapy, with indications spanning neuromodulation of brain disorders, skin health and wound healing, transcutaneous drug delivery, and bioelectronic medicine.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-64101-x

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