Counter-propagating entangled photon pairs from monolayer GaSe

Zhuoyuan Lu, Jiri Janousek, Syed M. Assad, Shuyao Qiu, Mayank Joshi, Yecheng Hu, Alex Y. Song, Chuanyu Wang, Manuka Suriyage, Jie Zhao, Ping Koy Lam and Yuerui Lu ()
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Zhuoyuan Lu: The Australian National University
Jiri Janousek: The Australian National University
Syed M. Assad: The Australian National University
Shuyao Qiu: The Australian National University
Mayank Joshi: The Australian National University
Yecheng Hu: The University of Sydney
Alex Y. Song: The University of Sydney
Chuanyu Wang: The Australian National University
Manuka Suriyage: The Australian National University
Jie Zhao: The Australian National University
Ping Koy Lam: The Australian National University
Yuerui Lu: The Australian National University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Non-phase-matched spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in atomically thin materials provides new degrees of freedom and enhanced quantum information capacity compared to conventional phase-matched sources. These systems emerged as promising platforms for quantum computing, communication, and imaging, with the potential to support higher-order nonlinear processes. However, direct observation of photon-pair emission from a monolayer has remained experimentally challenging. In this work, we theoretically modeled SPDC emission across the full angular space from a monolayer GaSe film and experimentally validated the model through measurements of both co- and counter-propagating photon pairs. We demonstrated two-photon quantum correlations in the telecom C-band from a monolayer SPDC source. The spatially symmetric, broadband emission predicted by theory was confirmed experimentally. Furthermore, we observed high-fidelity Bell states in the counter-propagating configuration. Our results revealed the emission characteristics of SPDC in the deeply subwavelength, non-phase-matched regime, and introduced atomically thin, counter-propagating SPDC as a scalable and integrable platform for programmable quantum state generation, extendable via moiré superlattice engineering.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-64620-7

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