Degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells under vacuum and one atmosphere of nitrogen

Renjun Guo, Dan Han, Wei Chen, Linjie Dai, Kangyu Ji, Qiu Xiong, Saisai Li, Lennart K. Reb, Manuel A. Scheel, Shambhavi Pratap, Nian Li, Shanshan Yin, Tianxiao Xiao, Suzhe Liang, Anna Lena Oechsle, Christian L. Weindl, Matthias Schwartzkopf, Hubert Ebert, Peng Gao, Kai Wang, Mingjian Yuan, Neil C. Greenham, Samuel D. Stranks, Stephan V. Roth, Richard H. Friend and Peter Müller-Buschbaum ()
Additional contact information
Renjun Guo: Technische Universität München
Dan Han: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Wei Chen: Technische Universität München
Linjie Dai: University of Cambridge
Kangyu Ji: University of Cambridge
Qiu Xiong: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Saisai Li: Nankai University
Lennart K. Reb: Technische Universität München
Manuel A. Scheel: Technische Universität München
Shambhavi Pratap: Technische Universität München
Nian Li: Technische Universität München
Shanshan Yin: Technische Universität München
Tianxiao Xiao: Technische Universität München
Suzhe Liang: Technische Universität München
Anna Lena Oechsle: Technische Universität München
Christian L. Weindl: Technische Universität München
Matthias Schwartzkopf: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
Hubert Ebert: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Peng Gao: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Kai Wang: Southern University of Science and Technology
Mingjian Yuan: Nankai University
Neil C. Greenham: University of Cambridge
Samuel D. Stranks: University of Cambridge
Stephan V. Roth: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY)
Richard H. Friend: University of Cambridge
Peter Müller-Buschbaum: Technische Universität München

Nature Energy, 2021, vol. 6, issue 10, 977-986

Abstract: Abstract Extensive studies have focused on improving the operational stability of perovskite solar cells, but few have surveyed the fundamental degradation mechanisms. One aspect overlooked in earlier works is the effect of the atmosphere on device performance during operation. Here we investigate the degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells operated under vacuum and under a nitrogen atmosphere using synchrotron radiation-based operando grazing-incidence X-ray scattering methods. Unlike the observations described in previous reports, we find that light-induced phase segregation, lattice shrinkage and morphology deformation occur under vacuum. Under nitrogen, only lattice shrinkage appears during the operation of solar cells, resulting in better device stability. The different behaviour under nitrogen is attributed to a larger energy barrier for lattice distortion and phase segregation. Finally, we find that the migration of excessive PbI2 to the interface between the perovskite and the hole transport layer degrades the performance of devices under vacuum or under nitrogen.

Date: 2021
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-021-00912-8

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