Lithium inventory tracking as a non-destructive battery evaluation and monitoring method

Meng Li, Yulun Zhang, Hui Zhou, Fengxia Xin, M. Stanley Whittingham and Boryann Liaw ()
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Meng Li: Idaho National Laboratory
Yulun Zhang: Idaho National Laboratory
Hui Zhou: Binghamton University (SUNY)
Fengxia Xin: Binghamton University (SUNY)
M. Stanley Whittingham: Binghamton University (SUNY)
Boryann Liaw: Idaho National Laboratory

Nature Energy, 2024, vol. 9, issue 5, 612-621

Abstract: Abstract Tracking the active lithium (Li) inventory in an electrode shows the true state of a Li battery, akin to a fuel gauge for an engine. However, non-destructive Li inventory tracking is currently unavailable. Here we used the theoretical capacity of a transition metal oxide to convert capacity into a Li inventory analysis. The Li inventory in electrodes was tracked reliably to show how battery formulations and test methods affect performance. Contrary to capacity, Li inventory tracking reveals stoichiometric variations near the electrode–electrolyte interface. Verifiable results rationalized differences in measurements, clarifying and reducing interferences from cell formulations and experimental manipulations. By tracing four variables from formation to end-of-life, we characterize electrode and cell performance with a thermodynamic framework. Accurate rationalization of subtle differences in Li inventory utilization promises precise battery engineering, evaluation, failure analysis and risk mitigation. The method could be applicable from cell design optimization and fabrication to battery management, improving battery performance and reliability.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01476-z

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