Sustainable layered cathode with suppressed phase transition for long-life sodium-ion batteries

Yonglin Tang, Qinghua Zhang, Wenhua Zuo, Shiyuan Zhou, Guifan Zeng, Baodan Zhang, Haitang Zhang, Zhongyuan Huang, Lirong Zheng, Juping Xu, Wen Yin, Yongfu Qiu, Yinguo Xiao, Qiaobao Zhang, Tiqing Zhao, Hong-Gang Liao, Inhui Hwang, Cheng-Jun Sun, Khalil Amine, Qingsong Wang (), Yang Sun (), Gui-Liang Xu (), Lin Gu (), Yu Qiao () and Shi-Gang Sun
Additional contact information
Yonglin Tang: Xiamen University
Qinghua Zhang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Wenhua Zuo: Argonne National Laboratory
Shiyuan Zhou: Xiamen University
Guifan Zeng: Xiamen University
Baodan Zhang: Xiamen University
Haitang Zhang: Xiamen University
Zhongyuan Huang: Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School
Lirong Zheng: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Juping Xu: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Wen Yin: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Yongfu Qiu: Dongguan University of Technology
Yinguo Xiao: Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School
Qiaobao Zhang: Xiamen University
Tiqing Zhao: Xiamen University
Hong-Gang Liao: Xiamen University
Inhui Hwang: Argonne National Laboratory
Cheng-Jun Sun: Argonne National Laboratory
Khalil Amine: Argonne National Laboratory
Qingsong Wang: University of Bayreuth
Yang Sun: Sun Yat-sen University
Gui-Liang Xu: Argonne National Laboratory
Lin Gu: Tsinghua University
Yu Qiao: Xiamen University
Shi-Gang Sun: Xiamen University

Nature Sustainability, 2024, vol. 7, issue 3, 348-359

Abstract: Abstract Sodium-ion batteries are among the most promising alternatives to lithium-based technologies for grid and other energy storage applications due to their cost benefits and sustainable resource supply. For the cathode—the component that largely determines the energy density of a sodium-ion battery cell—one major category of materials is P2-type layered oxides. Unfortunately, at high state-of-charge, such materials tend to undergo a phase transition with a very large volume change and consequent structural degradation during long-term cycling. Here we address this issue by introducing vacancies into the transition metal layer of P2-Na0.7Fe0.1Mn0.75□0.15O2 (‘□’ represents a vacancy). The transition metal vacancy serves to suppress migration of neighbouring Na ions and therefore maintain structural and thermal stability in Na-depleted states. Moreover, the specific Na−O−□ configuration triggers a reversible anionic redox reaction and boosts the energy density. As a result, the cathode design here enables pouch cells with energy densities of 170 Wh kg−1 and 120 Wh kg−1 that can operate for over 600 and 1,000 cycles, respectively. Our work not only suggests a feasible strategy for cathode design but also confirms the possibility of developing a battery chemistry that features a reduced need for critical raw materials.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41893-024-01288-9

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