The Middle Class and Vulnerability to Income Poverty: Implications for Social Protection in the Philippines

Deanne Lorraine D. Author_Email: Cabalfin, Jose Ramon G. Author_Email: Albert and Mohammad A. Author_Email: Mahmoud

No DP 2026-01, Discussion Papers from Philippine Institute for Development Studies

Abstract: The Philippines aspires to become a predominantly middle-class society by 2040. Significant strides have been made in reducing extreme poverty. However, the COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of recent gains and the vulnerability of many households to economic shocks. This study examines the dynamics and characteristics of the middle-income class and analyzes household vulnerability to income poverty using the Family Income and Expenditure Survey and Labor Force Survey data from 2018, 2021, and 2023, employing the methodology developed by Chaudhuri and Datt (2001). Traditional poverty measures underestimate the at-risk population. Vulnerability affects 30.0 percent of Filipino households, 2.75 times higher than the household poverty incidence of 10.9 percent in 2023. Households face vulnerability for distinctly different reasons. Eighty-six percent of vulnerable families experience income volatility, while seventy-three percent of the highly vulnerable have persistently low incomes. Stark rural-urban disparities persist, with rural vulnerability incidence at 43.0 percent compared to 20.0 percent in urban areas. Regional variations in vulnerability range from 9.0 percent in the National Capital Region to 76.0 percent in rural Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. These findings have significant implications for the motivation and design of social protection systems in the country. Social protection must evolve from reactive poverty relief to a broader, proactive focus on resilience building. Differentiated interventions must be based on the needs of specific segments: insurance and income stabilization mechanisms for the vulnerable majority who experience income volatility, and poverty reduction programs targeted at the low-income vulnerable. Infrastructure development, education, sectoral transition from agriculture to the more productive sectors of services, industry, and manufacturing, as well as climate risk management emerge as critical protective factors. Achieving the 2040 vision requires bold policy reforms that expand social protection to universal coverage aligned with upper middle-income country standards, strengthen household resilience, and address the structural factors that perpetuate vulnerability across sectors. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@pids.gov.ph.

Keywords: poverty reduction; poverty alleviation; social protection; middle-income class; middle class; inclusive growth; vulnerability to poverty; poverty; Philippines (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2026-01

DOI: 10.62986/dp2026.01

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