An IoT-based real-time smart metering deployment for grid optimization: A case study of GEPCO, Pakistan

M Usman Saleem, M Hamza Tahir Bajwa, Saif Ur Rahman, Huiqing Wen and M Arif Khan

PLOS ONE, 2025, vol. 20, issue 12, 1-37

Abstract: The increasing demand for energy and the growing environmental issues in Pakistan, require a movement to a more environmentally friendly and smarter energy infrastructure. This work provides the practical application of research which represents the deploying of a smart metering network in real time (RT) in Pakistan’s transition to more environmentally friendly and smarter energy systems. The work presents the design, implementation and the results of the operation of the smart metering deployment implemented by Gujranwala Electric Power Company (GEPCO). The presented system developed on a four-layer Internet of Things (IoT)-based architecture comprising of Energy Monitoring, Communication, Cloud Analytics, and Application layers. The smart meters (SMs) on the three classes of industrial loads ( 500 kW) transmit RT data of the electrical parameters, including voltage, current, power factor, frequency, and consumption, to a centralized meter data management system (MDMS). This data enables the MDMS to support various functions such as automated billing, load profiling, fault detection, and power quality (PQ) analysis. Results of the case studies demonstrate that RT monitoring can assist in attaining a higher degree of grid visibility and operational responsiveness. One such case was the identification of the low power factor (PF) situations (below 0.7) which enabled the deployment of capacitors banks, resulting in measurable energy saving and cost saving in accordance with the mitigated exposure to PF penalties. For instant, in a one large-industrial scenario, PF improved from 67.5% ± 11.2 to 93.6% ± 2.4, corresponding to a significant Welch’s t large effect size, and with reduced day-to-day variability. Moreover, early detection of voltage imbalance, variance of frequencies, and daily peak load patterns were detected using the system. Using a conservative normalize-then-scale approach, a potential average PF uplift of approximately 1.4 percentage points across the industrial segment is projected under stated coverage and adoption assumptions. The results confirm that IoT-enabled smart metering can serve as a practical tool for demand side management (DSM), loss reduction and grid optimization. Finally, the study outlines key technical enablers, policy considerations, and institutional requirements for large-scale smart grid (SG) implementation and offers a replicable framework for developing economies pursuing energy system modernization.

Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0338389

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0338389

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