Implementation of guideline-directed medical treatment for ischemic heart disease management: A knowledge, attitude and practice based cross-sectional survey

Umm-e- Kalsoom, Amjad Khan, Syed Sikandar Shah, Ayesha Iqbal, Tahir Mehmood, Syed Mansoor Ahmed, Noshed Khan and Yu Fang

PLOS ONE, 2026, vol. 21, issue 2, 1-20

Abstract: Background: Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy (GDMT) is central to managing ischemic heart disease (IHD), yet its implementation remains suboptimal in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Pakistan. Aim: This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of healthcare professionals (HCPs) toward GDMT and identified key barriers to its application. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among HCPs including cardiologists and clinical pharmacists using a validated questionnaire. Data was collected from Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore, Pakistan using convenience sampling. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate KAP scores and their association with demographic and professional role. Statistical adjustment for multiple comparisons was done by Bonferroni correction. Results: A total of 76 HCPs participated in the survey, comprising 42 cardiologists (55.3%) and 34 clinical pharmacists (44.7%). he overall mean knowledge score was 18.64 ± 2.02 out of 22 (84.7%). However, cardiologists (M = 19.54) scored significantly higher than clinical pharmacists (M = 17.52, p

Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0338634

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0338634

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