Lunar base agent-based modeling - A benchmark for simulating crewed space missions

Raymond Vera, Anamaria Berea and William G Kennedy

PLOS ONE, 2026, vol. 21, issue 5, 1-27

Abstract: Space exploration has progressed significantly since the mid-20th century, and recent technological advancements, along with the emergence of commercial space travel, have led to substantial leaps in planning for future space missions. The largest planned upcoming mission is the Artemis program, supported by NASA and the international Artemis Accords, which aims to create the first permanent human presence on the Moon and in deep space (the Moon to Mars architecture). Although human psychology and team science have been crucial for the success of past space missions, from the Apollo program and Skylab to the Space Shuttle (STS) and the International Space Station (ISS), human factors and social behavior will become even more ubiquitous and essential for space missions in the new era of commercial space. By simulating upcoming permanent space missions in an agent-based model (ABM), we can draw insights into the long-term effects of human factors and interactions in space. Drawing from the literature on proxy environments (extreme environments on Earth (i.e., Antarctica), space analogs, and past space missions), and on theories of small group complex systems and team science, we created a highly probable representation or simulation of expected social interactions between astronauts, and astronauts with the lunar environment for the Artemis program (i.e., Artemis IV (Lunar Gateway) and Artemis V (Lunar South Pole Base)). Our Lunar Base ABM explores the exogenous and endogenous factors that are more likely to lead to sustainable versus catastrophic scenarios on the Moon in the next couple of decades. The model represents astronauts using a new Agent_Astronaut framework with cognitive skills, emotional states, and personality traits to capture how social and environmental factors interact to affect mission outcomes. Monte Carlo simulations consisting of tens of thousands of iterations show trade-offs in productivity and psychological well-being. This approach demonstrates how agent-based modeling can help mission planners evaluate operational resilience, team structures, and workload dynamics in support of future lunar exploration.

Date: 2026
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0348882 (text/html)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id= ... 48882&type=printable (application/pdf)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:plo:pone00:0348882

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0348882

Access Statistics for this article

More articles in PLOS ONE from Public Library of Science
Bibliographic data for series maintained by plosone ().