Human Development and Technological Progress in Türkiye: New Evidence from Multiple Structural Breaks

Faruk Mike, Oktay Kızılkaya and İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız
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Faruk Mike: Osmaniye Korkut Ata University
Oktay Kızılkaya: Turgut Ozal University
İbrahim Ethem Akyıldız: Bursa Uludag University

Business and Economics Research Journal, 2026, vol. 17, issue 3, 347-358

Abstract: This study examines the long-run relationship between human development and technological progress in Türkiye over the period 1990–2023. Technological progress is proxied by patent counts, while human development, trade openness, and economic policy uncertainty are included as explanatory variables. To account for possible regime changes in the Turkish economy, the analysis employs advanced time-series techniques that allow for structural breaks. First, the Zivot–Andrews unit root test is used to determine the order of integration under endogenous breaks. Second, the Maki cointegration test is applied to investigate long-run relationships in the presence of multiple structural breaks. Finally, long-run coefficients are estimated by the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), and the canonical cointegration regression (CCR) estimators. The findings reveal that human development has a positive and statistically significant effect on technological progress in Türkiye. Trade openness also supports patent production, whereas economic policy uncertainty weakens it. Overall, the results suggest that technological progress depends not only on economic incentives but also on broader human development conditions and macroeconomic stability.

Keywords: Human Development; Technological Progress; Time-series Analysis; Türkiye (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O15 O3 O33 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ris:buecrj:023233

DOI: 10.20409/berj.2026.501

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