Income and expenditure inequalities among the households of Bihar

Rakesh Kumar (), Ajad Singh () and Amit Girdharwal ()
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Rakesh Kumar: Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi
Ajad Singh: Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi
Amit Girdharwal: Shri Ram College of Commerce, University of Delhi

Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 2025, vol. 18, issue 1, No 27, 14 pages

Abstract: Abstract This paper explores disparities in household income and consumption levels in Bihar, drawing on data from the 2023–24 Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for Bihar, which includes information from 4544 households. The dataset offers insights into demographic and regional attributes, including caste, location, and religious affiliation. The analysis reveals substantial inequality in both earnings and spending across different social and geographic segments. The distribution of inequality within these groups is skewed towards the higher end of the spectrum. To quantify inequality, the study employed statistical tools such as the Gini coefficient, Kernel Density (KD) curves, and generalized entropy indices. The regression results also confirms that all variables, with the exception of religion Islam and social group ST, play a statistically significant role in shaping household average per capita expenditure patterns.

Keywords: Income; Consumption-average per capita expenditure GE (Index); Gini coefficient; K-D curve; Regression; Bihar (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C14 C21 C51 D31 D63 O15 R R23 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s12076-025-00423-0

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