Short term forecasting of base metals prices using a LightGBM and a LightGBM - ARIMA ensemble

Konstantinos Oikonomou () and Dimitris Damigos
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Konstantinos Oikonomou: National Technical University of Athens
Dimitris Damigos: National Technical University of Athens

Mineral Economics, 2025, vol. 38, issue 1, No 3, 37-49

Abstract: Abstract Base metals are key materials for various industrial sectors such as electronics, construction, manufacturing, etc. Their selling price is important both for the profitability of the mining and metallurgical companies that produce and trade them, as well as for the countries whose economies rely on their exports or tax revenues as a means for national income. Prices are also critical for companies that use base metals as inputs to fabricate end products. The prediction of prices’ future movements can serve as a tool for risk mitigation and better budget planning. In this study, the logarithmic returns of base metals are forecasted using an autoregressive Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) as well as an ensemble comprising the aforementioned algorithm and a classical time series forecasting model (i.e., ARIMA). The two models are then compared to three simpler benchmark models, namely a global mean model, an exponential smoothing model and an ARIMA model. When comparing using RMSE, the autoregressive LightGBM model outperformed the three univariate benchmark models (and the ensemble) for forecasting 6 months ahead for aluminum and nickel returns, while copper and zinc returns were forecasted better by the ensemble. Neither of the proposed models performed better than an ARIMA model when it comes to forecasting lead and tin returns.

Keywords: Base metals; Prices; Forecasting; Gradient boosting; ARIMA (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s13563-024-00437-y

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