TOD-related features and station-level ridership: insights from the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Alyas Widita (), Ikaputra () and Dyah T. Widyastuti ()
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Alyas Widita: Monash University, Indonesia
Ikaputra: Universitas Gadjah Mada
Dyah T. Widyastuti: Universitas Gadjah Mada

Public Transport, 2025, vol. 17, issue 2, No 8, 505-527

Abstract: Abstract This paper contributes to the extensive literature on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) by examining the association between TOD-related features and station-level ridership using the Commuter Rail Line system in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), Indonesia, as a case study. We empirically test this hypothesized association through a series of statistical analyses, drawing from the Direct Ridership Model (DRM) literature. We incorporate indicators of station-level built environment as TOD-related features, along with socio-demographics and transit service characteristics as controls, to predict station-level ridership. Owing to the spatial dependency nature of the data, our results primarily focus on spatial regressions, suggesting that employment density and land-use entropy are consistent TOD-related features influencing station-level ridership. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy insights based on the findings, considering governmental initiatives in developing TOD policies.

Keywords: Transit-oriented development; Transit ridership; Spatial regressions; Jakarta (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: R41 R42 R52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s12469-024-00369-4

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