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General Conclusion

Sébastien Lechevalier (), Jean-Paul Gaudillière, Kathryn Ibata-Arens and Kayo Takuma
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Sébastien Lechevalier: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS)
Jean-Paul Gaudillière: Inserm & EHESS
Kathryn Ibata-Arens: DePaul University
Kayo Takuma: Keio University

Chapter 12 in Capitalism, Innovations, and Health after Covid-19, 2026, pp 427-439 from Springer

Abstract: Abstract This book has interrogated the dual crisis in innovation, especially with technology and society, and capitalism as arbiter of societal needs specifically during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. The crisis of innovation, is a failure to produce new and novel solutions to health problems whether they are infectious, chronic or environmental, for the many rather than the few. It also a crisis in capitalism, as a profit-oriented arbiter of societal needs including the fundamental human right to health. Part of the problem has been limitations in the techno-innovation paradigm of neo-Schumpeterian approaches. An approach less technological and more social has been proposed in the spirit of Regulation theory (RT) as response to the difficulties the dual crises in innovation and capitalism raised during the Covid-19 pandemic. However, there exists no response that fits all needs, no single best system of innovation even if experience shows that Asian alternatives have often been more effective at improving healthcare beyond access to products, at reducing mortality as well as morbidity One key result of this book is to recognize there are alternative drivers of innovation, including care-, commons- and frugal- innovation oriented healthcare systems. These alternatives were identified and defined in empirical context of Asian countries, offering a narrative of possible responses to the dual crises of innovation and capitalism. These narratives highlight the paramount role of comprehensive and socially-embedded approaches of health needs, the inclusion of key state and non-state stakeholders, and trial-and-errors reflexive assessment. They are present in Asian countries, but also, to a lesser extent, in European countries. In short, contributors proposed that health needs can and should be drivers of innovation and regulation of capitalism.

Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-24479-6_12

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