The Consolidation of Private Chinese Merchants into the Twelve Families Association

Hao Peng
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Hao Peng: Osaka City University

Chapter Chapter 7 in Trade Relations between Qing China and Tokugawa Japan, 2019, pp 99-110 from Springer

Abstract: Abstract As mentioned in the previous chapter, from the middle of the eighteenth century, two merchant groups, the Official BureauOfficial Bureau (guanju官局) and the Twelve FamiliesTwelve Families/Twelve Families Association (shierjia 十二家, or minju 民局, or gongju 公局) Association, engaged in and monopolized the junk trade with Japan for nearly a century. Chapter 6 focused on one of the two, the Official BureauOfficial Bureau (guanju官局), and examined the process of its formation and development. This chapter will shift the focus of the discussion to the Twelve Families.

Date: 2019
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DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7685-6_7

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