Void hole avoidance using three hop-by-hop forwarding verification in UWSN

Altaf Hussain (), Tariq Hussain (), Farman Ali (), Razaz Waheeb Attar () and Ahmed Alhomoud ()
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Altaf Hussain: Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications
Tariq Hussain: Zhejiang Gongshang University
Farman Ali: Sungkyunkwan University
Razaz Waheeb Attar: Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University
Ahmed Alhomoud: Northern Border University

Telecommunication Systems: Modelling, Analysis, Design and Management, 2025, vol. 88, issue 1, No 31, 34 pages

Abstract: Abstract Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is the primary class of sensor network in which further implementation has occurred by placing the sensor technology in underwater environments. Such a scheme is termed an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). The nodes in UWSN are the sensors that are used for communication underwater. Due to the rigidity and robustness of the water nature, some of the nodes may fail to communicate effectively. Hence, one significant issues is the void hole problem, which sometimes leads the network to idle state without passing the acoustic signal from one node to another. For such an issue, we proposed a movable relay and sink optimization for avoiding void hole problem named Improved Relay Mobility-Adaptive Hop by Hop Vector-Based Forwarding (IM-RM-AHH-VBF) and is evaluated with other existing void hole prevention schemes in UWSN. The three hop-by-hop verification schemes have been introduced in the improved version of the proposed forwarding scheme in terms of lifetime (measured by dead vs. alive nodes), throughput (in bits per second), residual energy (joules), success ratio/PDR (percentage), mean square error (MSE), and normalized routing load (NRL). From experimental analysis and results, it has been observed that the three hop-by-hop verifications with the relay optimization approach have outperformed the existing ones.

Keywords: Underwater WSN; Movable relay and sink approach; Node mobility; Distance measurement; Hop-by-hop forwarding; IM-RM-AHH-VBF; Energy consumption (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s11235-025-01260-8

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