Canada’s Small INGOs: Growth Aspirations, Strategies, and Constraints

John-Michael Davis, Heather Dicks, Craig Johnson, Andréanne Martel and Andrea Paras

Journal of Development Studies, 2023, vol. 59, issue 8, 1144-1162

Abstract: During the past two decades, international development non-government organizations (INGOs) have proliferated in the global North. In Canada, there are ∼1350 registered INGOs—of which, 950 were established in 2000 or later, 1192 receive no federal government funding, 1202 have annual revenues under CAD one million dollars, and 709 have no full-time employees. This new wave of Small and Medium Organizations (SMOs) epitomises the decentralisation of global development as private aid has surpassed Official Development Assistance funding. Yet, recent studies suggest SMOs have a short lifespan and fail to progress beyond service provision representing the first evolutionary stage of INGO maturation. Our study combines surveys (n: 95) and interviews (n: 18) with Canadian SMOs to explore growth aspirations along with their challenges and strategies to increase revenue. Our results show that nearly all Canadian SMOs desire organisational growth, and pursue diverse funding sources and innovative strategies to increase revenue. However, for SMOs, growth means doing more of the same thing—they are committed to improving the living conditions of their target population—which contradicts best practices to scale up INGO impact and may necessitate alternative organisational evolutionary guides for SMOs operating in this emerging development niche.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2023.2197543

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