Impact of Digitalization, Economic Growth and Birth Rate on Female Labor Force: Evidence from Kazakhstan

Kakizhanova Tolkyn, Utepkaliyeva Kansulu (), Zeinolla Saule, Aben Assel and Ilyashova Guliya
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Kakizhanova Tolkyn: Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Utepkaliyeva Kansulu: Atyrau University named after Kh. Dosmukhamedov, Atyrau, Kazakhstan
Zeinolla Saule: Kazakh-German University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Aben Assel: KazISS under the President of Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan
Ilyashova Guliya: Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Economics, 2025, vol. 13, issue 2, 95-110

Abstract: The purpose of the research work is to determine impact of the economic growth, digitization indicators and birth rate on female labor force in the Kazakhstan. For this purpose, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method was used. Data were obtained from the WDI website for period 1994–2022. Individuals using internet, Mobile cellular subscriptions (MCS), ICT service exports were taken as indicators of digitalization, and GDP growth was taken as indicator of economic growth. As a result of ARDL model, Internet users are negatively linked to the female labor force both in the short and in the long term. Mobile cellular subscriptions have a positive influence on the female labor force only in the short term, and however, showed its insignificance in the long term. ICT service export and GDP growth has a positive effect on the female labor force both in the short term and in the long term. Fertility rate has a positive effect on female labor force in the short and long term. Research work includes review of world literature and, based on this, an econometric model for Kazakhstan was created, and further presents proposals on how women’s employment can increase economic growth in Kazakhstan, also a comprehensive literature review and updated econometric model were developed. This research work carried can be used by other researchers for their regions of interest, and further recommendations can be considered in their case study.

Keywords: female employment; economic growth; birth rate; digitalization; ARDL (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J08 J11 J13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:vrs:econom:v:13:y:2025:i:2:p:95-110:n:1005

DOI: 10.2478/eoik-2025-0032

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