Regional labor markets during deregulation in Indonesia: have the Outer Islands been left behind?

Chris Manning

No 1728, Policy Research Working Paper Series from The World Bank

Abstract: Indonesia's labor markets, especially on the island of Java, have been transformed in the past 30 years, especially since liberalization picked up speed in the mid-1980's. The author explores the regional dimensions of that transformation. In some other countries, when labor markets changed, disparities among regions occurred. In Indonesia, when the employment structure changed markedly, real wages rose not only in Java-Bali, but also in most Outer Island provinces. Wages have grown more rapidly in Java-Bali, but labor in the Outer Island provinces has enjoyed large gains, the result of the rapid economic growth that came during deregulation. Among Outer Island provinces, Northern Sumatra and the poorer Eastern Island provinces have experienced substantial growth, while the Kalimantan provinces have lagged in manufacturing employment and wages. Labor market outcomes have also been less favorable in land-abundant provinces that received many assisted migrants during Indonesia's earlier oil boom. The author concludes that export-led industrialization concentrated in Java-Bali has helped change the labor market and income growth outside Java-Bali also. Improved wages and the shift of labor out of agriculture also partly reflect the government's continuing support for infrastructure and human resource development in the Outer Island provinces.

Keywords: Public Health Promotion; Labor Policies; Health Monitoring&Evaluation; Banks&Banking Reform; Governance Indicators; Achieving Shared Growth; Environmental Economics&Policies (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1997-02-28
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Related works:
Working Paper: REGIONAL LABOUR MARKETS DURING DEREGULATION IN INDONESIA Have the Outer Islands Been Left Behind? (1996)
Working Paper: Regional Labour Markets During Deregulation in Indonesia: Have the Outer Islands Been Left Behind? (1996)
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