Anti‐Poverty Effects of In‐Kind Transfers Among Divorced or Separated Women in the United States

Gulgun Bayaz Ozturk

Poverty & Public Policy, 2018, vol. 10, issue 1, 57-80

Abstract: This study examines the anti‐poverty effects of increased welfare spending in the United States five years into the recovery (from 2009 to 2015) by focusing on an economically vulnerable population of divorced/separated women. More specifically, I examine the anti‐poverty effects of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the National School Lunch Program (NSLP), the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and housing and energy assistance using the Sen, Shorrocks, and Thon poverty index. I find that the anti‐poverty effects of means‐tested programs worked primarily through reduction in headcount ratio without much amelioration in poverty intensity and inequality. Large‐scale programs such as SNAP, EITC, and housing assistance were the most effective, whereas WIC, TANF, and energy assistance were the least effective programs in the fight against poverty. 本研究通过聚焦在经济方面处于弱势的离异或分居女性, 检验了自经济大衰退后美国在实行经济复苏的5年里(2009–2015年)增加福利开支所带来的反贫困效果。具体而言, 本文通过使用Sen、Shorrocks和Thon的贫困指数, 检验了各项援助措施的反贫困效果, 包括补充营养援助计划(SNAP)、全国学校午餐计划(NSLP)、妇女, 儿童和婴幼儿特别补充营养计划(WIC)、劳动所得税抵免(EITC)、贫困家庭临时补助(TANF), 以及住房和能源补助。本文发现, 这些根据经济情况调查(means‐test)进行分配的项目所具备的反贫困效果主要是减少人头比, 而对贫困程度和不平等没有太多改善。大范围项目例如SNAP、EITC和住房补助, 是最有效的反贫困措施, 而WIC、TANF和能源补助则是效果最不佳的反贫困项目。 Este estudio examina los efectos contra la pobreza del gasto en asistencia social incrementado en los Estados Unidos después de cinco años de recuperación (de 2009 a 2015) ya acabada la Gran Recesión, al enfocarse en una población económicamente vulnerable de mujeres divorciadas y separadas. Más específicamente, examinamos los efectos contra la pobreza del Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), el National School Lunch Program (NSLP), tel Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), el Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), el Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), y el apoyo a la energía utilizando los índices de pobreza Sen, Shorrocks, y Thon. Hallamos que los efectos contra la pobreza de los programas dependientes de medios funcionaban primordialmente a través de la reducción de proporción per cápita, sin mucha mejoría en la intensidad de la pobreza y la desigualdad. Los programas a gran escala como el SNAP, EITC, y el apoyo para la vivienda fueron lo más efectivo, mientras que el WIC, TANF, y el apoyo energético fueron los programas menos efectivos en la lucha contra la pobreza.

Date: 2018
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