Medical Technology and Life Expectancy: Evidence from the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria

Philipp Ager, Casper Hansen and Peter Z. Lin

American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2026, vol. 18, issue 2, 441-76

Abstract: We examine the impact of the free supply of diphtheria antitoxin, the first effective medical treatment for an infectious disease, on the historical health transition in Massachusetts. Using newly collected municipality-level data on the distribution of antitoxin and information from over 1.5 million death certificates from 1880 to 1914, we find that the rapid availability of antitoxin treatment significantly increased life expectancy at young ages. Our findings suggest that medicine, combined with an effective public health policy, played a more important role in improving life expectancy in the early twentieth century than previously thought.

JEL-codes: H75 I12 I18 J13 N31 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Related works:
Working Paper: Medical Technology and Life Expectancy: Evidence From the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria (2024)
Working Paper: Medical Technology and Life Expectancy: Evidence from the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria (2023)
Working Paper: Medical Technology and Life Expectancy: Evidence from the Antitoxin Treatment of Diphtheria (2023)
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DOI: 10.1257/pol.20240087

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