On the Limits of Chronological Age

Rainer Kotschy, David E. Bloom () and Andrew J. Scott
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David E. Bloom: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Andrew J. Scott: London Business School, London, United Kingdom

Annual Review of Economics, 2025, vol. 17, issue 1, 151-173

Abstract: Analysis of population aging is typically framed in terms of chronological age. However, chronological age itself is not necessarily deeply informative about the aging process. This article reviews literature and conducts empirical analyses aimed at investigating whether chronological age is a reliable proxy for physiological functioning when used in models of economic behavior and outcomes. We show that chronological age is an unreliable proxy for physiological functioning due to appreciable differences in how aging unfolds across people, health domains, and over time. We further demonstrate that chronological age either fails to predict economic variables when used in lieu of physiological functioning or predicts additional effects on economic behavior and outcomes that are largely unrelated to physiological aging. Continued reliance on chronological age as a proxy for physiological functioning might impede the ability of societies to fully harness the benefits of increasing longevity.

Keywords: physiological aging; physiological functioning; longevity; population aging; chronological aging (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I10 I30 J10 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080824-112429
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Working Paper: On the Limits of Chronological Age (2024)
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DOI: 10.1146/annurev-economics-080824-112429

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