The Provisions on Closer Co‐operation in the Treaty of Amsterdam: The Politics of Flexibility in the European Union

Eric Philippart and Geoffrey Edwards

Journal of Common Market Studies, 1999, vol. 37, issue 1, 87-108

Abstract: The provisions on closer co‐operation are the main conceptual and procedural innovation introduced by the Treaty of Amsterdam. This article examines the philosophy of the new system through a systematic review of the methods and the underlying principles. It then discusses the meaning and implications of this general mechanism of flexibility for the EU integration process.

Date: 1999
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