Changes in the household expenditure basket in India during COVID-19

Pallavi Choudhuri and Sonalde Desai
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Sonalde Desai: University of Maryland

Demographic Research, 2026, vol. 54, issue 13, 405-440

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc across countries, causing an unprecedented healthcare crisis and supply chain disruptions. Our paper focuses on how households coped and the role of expanded Indian government food subsidies in mitigating food insecurity. Objective: We use panel data from two rounds of household surveys (2019 and 2021) to examine changes in per capita household expenditure and how these differed across occupation and income groups. We also discuss the role of in-kind assistance, extended during the pandemic, in smoothing food consumption. Methods: We use fixed effects panel regression to estimate changes in per capita expenditure on various items in the household budget before and after the onset of the pandemic. We also estimate shifts in the composition of the household food basket between the two time periods. Results: In the survey area, both per capita incomes and per capita household expenditure decreased, but the expenditure decrease was largely concentrated in discretionary items, leaving food consumption unchanged. The government policy of distributing practically free cereals, combined with household emphasis on protecting food expenditure, helped avert a substantial decline in food consumption and even led to a slight increase in dietary diversity. Conclusions: The pre-existing social safety net in the form of a food distribution program helped cushion the impact of the pandemic-related income decline. Contribution: Our examination of India’s expanded free food program during the pandemic contributes to the literature on the role of in-kind assistance during catastrophic emergencies.

Keywords: COVID-19; consumption; nutrition; panel regression; food expenditures; income; food subsidy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: J1 Z0 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:dem:demres:v:54:y:2026:i:13

DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2026.54.13

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