Human Height, Milk, and GDP per capita: An Instrumental Variable Analysis from Global Panel Data

Joshua Ping Ang ()
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Joshua Ping Ang: North Carolina A&T State University

Economics Bulletin, 2026, vol. 46, issue 3, 1151 - 1160

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between milk consumption and human height using panel data for 108 countries from 1990 to 2016. GDP per capita is used as an instrumental variable for milk consumption, while accounting for dietary composition and socioeconomic conditions. The results show a positive relationship between milk consumption and average height, with larger estimates when potential endogeneity is addressed. The findings suggest that milk consumption is an important dietary factor associated with population-level differences in human height.

Keywords: Height; Economic development; Milk consumption; Nutrition; Instrumental Variable; Panel Data (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I1 O1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026-09-30
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