Optimal energy management for formula-E cars with regulatory limits and thermal constraints
Xuze Liu,
Abbas Fotouhi and
Daniel J. Auger
Applied Energy, 2020, vol. 279, issue C, No S0306261920312861
Abstract:
In this paper, novel solutions are proposed for energy and thermal management in Formula-E cars using optimal control theory. Optimal control techniques are used to optimize net energy consumption (accounting for loss-reductions from energy recovery from regenerative braking) to achieve minimal lap time which is a crucial element in developing a competitive race strategy in Formula E races. A thermal battery model is used to impose thermal constraints on the optimal energy management strategy in order to realistically capture working constraints during a race. The effects of energy and thermal constraints on the proposed strategy are then demonstrated and two different pedal lifting techniques were introduced. Both the current second generation and a concept third generation type of formula-E cars are studied and compared. While third generation is significantly more efficient with 10% to 30% less energy consumption, it potentially faces more critical thermal issues with more than 60% more heat generation.
Keywords: Formula-E car; Optimal control; Lap time simulation; Energy management; Thermal management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (3)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:appene:v:279:y:2020:i:c:s0306261920312861
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115805
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