Optimization of speed trajectory for electric wheel loaders: Battery lifetime extension

Haoxiang Zhang, Feng Wang, Zichang Lin and Bing Xu

Applied Energy, 2023, vol. 351, issue C, No S0306261923012291

Abstract: The electrification of wheel loaders is considered a leading trend due to its advantage of zero‑carbon emissions. However, the inevitable phenomenon of battery degradation has led to increased battery usage and maintenance costs. This study first extends the battery lifetime by optimizing the speed trajectory based on the typical loading cycle of the wheel loader. The optimal control problem is formulated by systematically modeling the wheel loader's powertrain and using a precise semi-empirical battery aging model. To reduce computational costs, the modified optimal control problem includes a weighted penalty on travel time. Unlike the conventional dynamic programming method that takes substantial computation time, a combined algorithm of dynamic programming and Brent's method (DP-BM) is first introduced to provide a numerical solution to the optimization problem with a reduced computational burden. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimized trajectory can decrease the average power consumption of the battery and reduce the number of full equivalent cycles, resulting in a 4.48% improvement in the average battery lifetime compared to the typical trajectory. Modeling errors are analyzed to make sure the results are reliable. Furthermore, the proposed approach significantly reduces computation time compared to the conventional dynamic programming method, with an average reduction of 95%. The total cost for each year is finally summarized, and the results indicate that the optimized trajectory offers a distinct advantage in terms of cost-effectiveness.

Keywords: Speed trajectory optimization; Dynamic programming; Brent's method; Battery lifetime; Electric wheel loader (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2023
References: View references in EconPapers View complete reference list from CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261923012291
Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:appene:v:351:y:2023:i:c:s0306261923012291

Ordering information: This journal article can be ordered from
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/bibliographic
http://www.elsevier. ... 405891/bibliographic

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121865

Access Statistics for this article

Applied Energy is currently edited by J. Yan

More articles in Applied Energy from Elsevier
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Catherine Liu ().