Generation and transmission expansion planning incorporating economically feasible heterogeneous demand-side resources

Hongyi Wei, Mingchen Ma, Haiyang Jiang, Tomislav Capuder, Fei Teng, Goran Strbac, Jiawei Zhang, Ning Zhang and Chongqing Kang

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 381, issue C, No S0306261924024516

Abstract: Emerging demand-side resources provide necessary flexible load regulations and power reserves for high-renewable penetrated power systems. In system planning, their regulation capabilities and response willingness should be emphasized rather than regarding them as fully dispatchable resources. This paper formulates a bi-level generation and transmission expansion planning (GTEP) problem considering the physical and economic feasibility. The lower-level problem flexibly dispatches demand-side resources, and the upper-level problem focuses on power system expansion planning, which is further turned into an equivalent single-level GTEP problem. We propose an available time interval aggregation method to reduce the number of time-dependent decision variables and constraints in the single-level GTEP problem. Case studies are performed on a modified Garver’s 6-node system and a practical 40-node East China power system to validate the method. Test results reveal that demand-side flexible resources contribute essential load regulations and reserve capacity to power systems.

Keywords: Demand-side resource; Expansion planning; Load aggregator; Economic feasibility; Available time interval (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125067

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