Energy management strategy for a novel multi-stack integrated hydrogen energy storage system based on hybrid rules and optimization

Xinyu Lu, Wenjie Gang, Shanshan Cai and Zhengkai Tu

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 381, issue C, No S030626192402573X

Abstract: To improve the performance of off-grid energy systems, based on a novel multi-stack integrated hydrogen energy storage system, a full life cycle energy management strategy (EMS) with hybrid rules and optimization is proposed. Such a system consists of four PEMECs, four PEMFCs, and a battery pack. The proposed EMS includes online parameter estimation, rule-based primary allocation, and optimization-based secondary allocation. The power is firstly allocated among PEMEC/PEMFC stacks according to a daisy-chained rule based on high efficiency range and multi-stack voltage degradation consistency. The remaining fluctuating power is then preferentially absorbed by the battery using a Q-learning reinforcement learning algorithm. Under stochastic wind power, photovoltaic, and regular load, a comparative analysis with three common EMS validates the feasibility of the proposed EMS. Compared to Q-DC and SOC-DC, the voltage degradation of the multi-stack PEMFCs is reduced by 13.9 %, and the lifetime is improved by 17.2 % and 15.7 %, saving 1315 kg and 1190 kg of hydrogen, respectively. Compared to SOC-PDC and SOC-DC, the lifetime of the battery is improved by 18.8 % and 20.8 %, respectively. The annualized cost of system based on the proposed EMS is the smallest, with reductions of 3 %, 7.4 %, and 9.2 %, respectively.

Keywords: PEMEC; PEMFC; Online parameter estimation; Voltage degradation; Q-learning (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125189

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