The acid-base flow battery: Tradeoffs between energy density, efficiency, and stability

Nadia Boulif, Renate Evers, Jelle Driegen, Ayesha Nawaz, Zandrie Borneman and Kitty Nijmeijer

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 383, issue C, No S0306261925000571

Abstract: The deployment of renewable energy inevitably relies on environmentally friendly energy storage systems. An acid-base flow battery (ABFB) uses the principle of bipolar membrane (BPM) (reverse) electrodialysis to store excess electrical energy in abundant and benign materials (sodium chloride and water). However, this technology suffers from high energy losses due to undesired ion crossover through the membranes. In this study, we investigate the contribution of the membrane type as well as the different ions in the battery, and identify the major causes for this crossover and thus capacity losses. We also study the ion crossover under different ABFB operating conditions (pH gradient, current density, and used ions).

Keywords: Acid-base flow battery; Energy efficiency; Co-ion crossover; Ion exchange membranes; Bipolar membranes (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125327

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