A soft sensor to assess the energy performance of laundry washing machines

Žygimantas Jasiūnas, Tiago Julião, José Cecílio, Guilherme Carrilho da Graça and Pedro M. Ferreira

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 383, issue C, No S0306261925000790

Abstract: In the European Union (EU), domestic consumers buy over 15 million laundry washing machines annually, contributing to around 5% of the total domestic electricity consumption. This paper proposes and evaluates an IoT-based, low-cost soft sensor method for estimating the laundry load in domestic washing machines, enabling the assessment of washing machines’ real-life energy performance based on resource consumption efficiency. The methodology uses linear regression and artificial intelligence techniques to estimate load mass based on energy and water supply. The real-life assessment considers performance indicators expressing the energy and water resources used per kilogram of laundry load washed. The water-energy nexus combines these in a single energy performance indicator. The soft sensor is tested on various washing machine models, focusing on the commonly used ‘Cotton’ washing program, varying the washing temperature and the laundry load mass. A mean absolute error of 307 g and a corresponding root mean square error of 570 g was achieved, resulting in performance indicators mean absolute error of 5.89 Whkg (energy), 0.53 Lkg (water), and 6.30 Whkg for the combined water-energy nexus. This approach can be implemented in real-world settings to recommend optimal laundry loads and washing practices tailored to specific washing machines and users, maximizing energy savings.

Keywords: Soft sensor; Machine learning; Energy performance assessment; Water-energy nexus; Washing machine (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125349

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