A novel flexible load regulation and 4E-F multi-objective optimization for distributed renewable energy power generation system

Junjie Zhao, Yang Liu, Zhengkai Tu and Siew Hwa Chan

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 383, issue C, No S0306261925001400

Abstract: To maximize the scale of system capacity and realize the efficient use of energy, this study proposes a novel flexible load regulation scheme based on energy, exergy, economy, environment and flexibility (4E-F) evaluation indexes for a combined hydrogen, heating and power system based on renewable energy. The user load is adjusted by changing the indoor thermal comfort within the allowable range, and the Pareto optimal solution of the load flexibility coefficient and the number of accessible users is obtained by using NSGA-II. The results show that the number of accessible users and the average load flexibility coefficient are 87–90 and 0–22.94 % respectively in summer, while that in winter are 44–54 and 0–29.36 %, respectively. Then, through 4E index analysis of all alternative schemes, it is found that increasing the number of accessible users in summer will only lead to a decline in the system economy, while increasing the number of accessible users in winter will lead to a decline in system energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and economy. Finally, through the TOPSIS evaluation method, the optimal number of accessible users in summer and winter is 90 and 52, respectively.

Keywords: Load regulation; Multi-objective optimization; Flexibility; 4E analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125410

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