Efficient cold-starting project with mild lithium plating for lithium-ion batteries using immersion liquid cooling at low temperatures

Xinyu Liu, Yang Li, Shuai Gao, Zhifu Zhou, Wei-Tao Wu, Lei Wei, Jizu Lyu, Yubai Li and Yongchen Song

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 384, issue C, No S0306261925002405

Abstract: The electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is sluggish at low temperatures, impeding their widespread application in new energy vehicles. In this study, based on the immersion liquid cooling (ILC) system, four preheating projects are reported systematically. We demonstrate that the high temperature rise rate and minimal preheating energy consumption are achieved by project 3, namely, the synergistic interaction of heating films and FS49 fluid. Furthermore, to evaluate the low temperature performance of LIBs, a 1-dimensional (1D) electrochemical-thermal coupled LIB aging model is established, including SEI growth and lithium plating. We suggest that the preheating target temperature should be reasonably defined for project 3. Subsequently, an emerging asymmetric temperature modulation method is proposed during fast charging. The ILC system ensures that the LIB pack is maintained at about 49 °C during fast charging, while the reduced pressure system can extremely cool the LIB pack from 49 °C to around 25 °C after fast charging. This work opens up a novel insight for performing efficient cold starting at low temperatures.

Keywords: Immersion liquid cooling; Preheating projects; Electrochemical-thermal coupled; Asymmetric temperature modulation; Fast charging (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125510

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