An improved heuristic dynamic programming framework for multi-source frequency regulation

Zeyu Zhao, Xiyun Yang, Han Chen and He Chen

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 387, issue C, No S0306261925003538

Abstract: To address the frequency deviation resulting from the growing integration of renewable energy sources into the grid, a game-based regulation strategy involving multiple sources is proposed within the improved heuristic dynamic programming (HDP) framework. This strategy aims to enhance the precision of frequency regulation commands and improve the efficiency of the multi-source system by leveraging the synergistic effects of source-load uncertainty prediction and the zonal game among the multiple frequency regulation sources. First, to mitigate the impact of source-load uncertainty, an HDP optimization framework is proposed to consider the temporal fluctuation characteristics of load and renewable energy sources. Secondly, to coordinate the power of multiple frequency regulation sources, enhance the frequency restoration speed and overall economy, a zonal game frequency regulation method that considers the characteristics of multiple sources is proposed. Finally, the coordination effect of the strategy is validated through simulation studies. The method put forward is capable of preserving the system's frequency stability as the renewable energy penetration rate increases, and it can reduce the frequency regulation cost and response time.

Keywords: Frequency regulation; Multi-source power system; Automatic generation control; Stackelberg game; Heuristic dynamic programming (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125623

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