A Bilevel robust coordination model for community integrated energy system with access to HFCEVs and EVs

Bo Gu, Fangxing Li, Chengxiong Mao, Dan Wang, Hua Fan, Bin Liu and Wenhao Li

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 390, issue C, No S0306261925005963

Abstract: It is of great interest to a price-maker community integrated energy system (CIES) that hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle (HFCEV) and electric vehicle (EV) clusters participate in the system operation to achieve better flexibility. As such, this paper proposes a bilevel coordination optimization model considering the multiple uncertainties from each entity to minimize the operation cost. The Stackelberg game-based pricing framework is used to formulate the optimal model. The modeling of HFCEVs is based on the distributionally robust chance constrained problem to efficiently address the uncertainties from hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs). EVs are grouped into different classes via a clustering method, and the distributionally robust optimization model is built. Simulation results show that the proposed robust coordination optimization model reduces the operation cost by 0.76 %–2.01 % and improve the robustness under multiple uncertainties from each entity, maintaining about 50 % safety capacity for HRS.

Keywords: Community integrated energy system; Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles; Electric vehicles; Bilevel optimization; Game theory (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125866

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