Predicting and publishing accurate imbalance prices using Monte Carlo Tree Search

Fabio Pavirani, Jonas Van Gompel, Seyed Soroush Karimi Madahi, Bert Claessens and Chris Develder

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 392, issue C, No S0306261925006749

Abstract: The growing reliance on renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind, has introduced challenges due to their uncontrollable production. This complicates maintaining the electrical grid balance, prompting some transmission system operators in Western Europe to implement imbalance tariffs that penalize unsustainable power deviations. These tariffs create an implicit demand response framework to mitigate grid instability. Yet, several challenges limit active participation. In Belgium, for example, imbalance prices are only calculated at the end of each 15-minute settlement period, creating high risk due to price uncertainty. This risk is further amplified by the inherent volatility of imbalance prices, discouraging participation. Although transmission system operators provide minute-based price predictions, the system imbalance volatility makes accurate price predictions challenging to obtain and requires sophisticated techniques. Moreover, publishing price estimates can prompt participants to adjust their schedules, potentially affecting the system balance and the final price, adding further complexity. To address these challenges, we propose a Monte Carlo Tree Search method that publishes accurate imbalance prices while accounting for potential response actions. Our approach models the system dynamics using a neural network forecaster and a cluster of virtual batteries controlled by reinforcement learning agents. Compared to Belgium’s current publication method, our technique improves price accuracy by 20.4 % under ideal conditions and by 12.8 % in more realistic scenarios. This research addresses an unexplored, yet crucial problem, positioning this paper as a pioneering work in analyzing the potential of more advanced imbalance price publishing techniques.

Keywords: Electrical grid stability; Imbalance prices publication; Reinforcement learning; Deep learning; Monte Carlo Tree Search; Implicit demand response; Forecasting (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125944

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