Hierarchical multi-time-scale energy management system for secure and economic operation of islanded microgrids with GFM/GFL control

Tianyou Yu, Muhammad Muzammal Islam, Lidan Zhou, Ziqiang Wang, Massimo La Scala, Jie Wang, Xinping Guan and Gang Yao

Applied Energy, 2025, vol. 397, issue C, No S030626192501089X

Abstract: The variability of renewable energy sources (RESs) and fluctuating load demands can cause power fluctuations in converter controllers, undermining energy management systems and posing security and economic risks. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel hierarchical multi-time-scale energy management system (EMS) to enhance the secure and economical operation of islanded microgrids under hybrid grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) controls. The proposed methodology integrates GFM and GFL actions into the secondary and tertiary layers, each optimizing distinct objectives in a convex model to ensure secure and reliable economic power dispatch. Moreover, the proposed framework incorporates an energy management strategy for hybrid energy storage systems with high capacity and power density under different control operations, including unified renewable fuel cells (URFC), while adhering to real-time operational constraints. The secondary layer employs model predictive control (MPC) to address GFM power tracking discrepancies, ensuring short-term voltage and frequency regulation, while the tertiary layer uses mixed-integer linear programming to update power references based on economic and security constraints, particularly ensuring GFM margin compliance. The proposed framework’s effectiveness is validated through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and hardware-in-the-loop testing.

Keywords: Islanded microgrids; Hierarchical multi-time-scale EMS; MPC; GFM and GFL control actions; Hardware-in-the-loop (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626192501089X
Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:appene:v:397:y:2025:i:c:s030626192501089x

Ordering information: This journal article can be ordered from
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/bibliographic
http://www.elsevier. ... 405891/bibliographic

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126359

Access Statistics for this article

Applied Energy is currently edited by J. Yan

More articles in Applied Energy from Elsevier
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Catherine Liu ().