An off-peak energy storage concept for electric utilities: Part II--The water battery concept

J. E. Clifford, E. W. Brooman, V. T. Sulzberger and Y. Z. El-Badry

Applied Energy, 1977, vol. 3, issue 4, 233-255

Abstract: The water battery (reversible water electrolyser) as envisaged by Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL) is a single energy storage device for use on an electric utility system at dispersed locations such as substations. Available off-peak electric energy can be used to electrolyse water, thus producing hydrogen and oxygen, which can be stored externally to the device. These gases can be recycled, as necessary, through the same device, operating in reverse, to generate D.C. electricity to meet utility system peak-load demands. A conceptual design for a 10 MW water battery installation compatible with the requirements of the PSE&G system is formulated. General design approaches and cost estimates are developed for the basic water battery module, the energy storage subsystem (which consists of the compressors and storage vessels for the hydrogen and oxygen), and the power conditioning subsystem (which controls and regulates direct current to the water battery and alternating current to the grid). The design evaluations address optimum system operating efficiency, projected battery life, reliability, maintenance, materials availability (the water battery employs substantial, but ultimately recoverable, amounts of platinum and palladium in its construction), and environmental impact in terms of pollutants and physical size.

Date: 1977
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