Fast integral terminal sliding mode control of a multisource hybrid energy storage system in extended-range electric vehicles

Faiqa Noor, Waqar Uddin, Abdul Wadood, Hani Albalawi, Muhammad Khalid and Kamran Zeb

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, 2026, vol. 209, issue P1

Abstract: Development in technology has terribly affected the environment. Conventional vehicles that are a product of technology cause global warming and pollution. The vehicles employ internal combustion engines (ICEs), typically burn fossil fuels and are therefore not environmentally friendly. Another driving force behind the search for alternatives is the fast depletion of fossil fuels due to their extensive consumption. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are developed to overcome all these problems and are a source of clean energy. In this paper, a novel fast integral terminal sliding mode controller (ITSMC) is proposed for the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) of multisource electric vehicles (EVs). The four power sources of the HESS are a fuel cell (FC), a battery, a photovoltaic (PV) panel, and a supercapacitor (SC), with the FC serving as the primary source. The DC bus voltage and source currents are stabilized and regulated by the proposed ITSMC. A careful comparison is made between the designed controller and the traditional sliding mode controller (SMC). The response of the controller has been verified under both step and time-varying as well as EUDC driving-cycle load current profiles. The Lyapunov stability criteria and phase plane analysis have been employed to guarantee the stability of the HESS. Besides, performance measures i.e., integral square error (ISE), integral absolute error (IAE), and integral of time-weighted absolute error (ITAE) authenticate the efficient performance of the proposed controller. Simulation (MATLAB/Simulink) and hardware in-loop results (OPAL-RT 5700 testbed) are used to confirm the effectiveness, robustness, and superior performance of the proposed ITSMC in comparison to traditional SMC.

Keywords: Integral Terminal Sliding Mode Controller (ITSMC); Electric vehicle (EV); Finite-time stability; Sustainable energy technologies; Hybrid energy storage system (HESS) (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960077926005679
Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:chsofr:v:209:y:2026:i:p1:s0960077926005679

DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2026.118426

Access Statistics for this article

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals is currently edited by Stefano Boccaletti and Stelios Bekiros

More articles in Chaos, Solitons & Fractals from Elsevier
Bibliographic data for series maintained by Thayer, Thomas R. ().