Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for water use? A panel smooth transition regression approach

Rosa Duarte, Vicente Pinilla and Ana Serrano

Economic Modelling, 2013, vol. 31, issue C, 518-527

Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between per capita water use and per capita income for 65 countries, over the period 1962–2008, within the framework of the so-called environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). Consistent with the existing literature, a polynomial fixed effects model is first presented. Then, a logistic Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) is estimated, obtaining income elasticities. This empirical study yields several important findings. The nexus between water withdrawal per person and per capita GDP is non-linear, showing a peculiar inverted-U with a marked downward limb that dominates the nexus, regardless of the estimation method chosen. On the whole, water use income elasticity clearly decreases throughout the period; nevertheless it exhibits a great variability over the sample, reflecting the divergent patterns of water use depending on the level of income of each country and the time period.

Keywords: Water use; Panel Smooth Transition Regression model; Environmental Kuznets curve; Nonlinearity; Per capita income (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Citations: View citations in EconPapers (36)

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Working Paper: Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for water use? A panel smooth transition regression approach (2012)
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:ecmode:v:31:y:2013:i:c:p:518-527

DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2012.12.010

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